The Destiny Of The Unevangelized Debate - 1557 Words

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate William Brodie Religion 335 July 8, 2016 The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate has been a concern for Christians throughout the years. There have been questions to arise as to what actually happens to those who have never heard the Gospel. According to Body and Eddy, â€Å"the issue of the destiny of the unevangelized forces Christians to wrestle with the seeming tension between the universality of God’s love and the particularity of the path to salvation or one’s personal relationship with Christ.† Exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism are three ways that theologians address the issue of the destiny of the unevangelized. The text takes on these three ways through four views which are the Restrictivist View, Universal Opportunity View, Postmorten Evangelism View, and Inclusivist View. The Restrictivist View- No Other Name According to Boyd and Eddy, the restrictivist view believes that salvation is restricted to those who have heard the gospel and have decided to accept it. The question is now posed that if one has not heard the word of the Lord, how then can they gain salvation. There are Scriptures in the Bible that support this view. Romans 10:17 says, â€Å"So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ.† According to Eck, the response to exclusivism is that it is â€Å"our own community, our tradition, our understanding of reality, our encounter with God, is the one and only truth, excludingShow MoreRelatedThe First Half Of Discovering Missions1756 Words   |  8 Pagescontributes to volunteer effectiveness. Volunteerism is â€Å"working for others without expecting pay or other tangible gain† (Culbertson 227). Volunteering benefits both the society as well as the individual volunteering. However, there has been great debate as to who would be the best sources missionary volunteers. A common argument is that between the youth and the elderly. In reference to the youth, many believe that they are not the best candidates for missions because they lack experience and oftenRead MoreFour Different Views on Salvation2616 Words   |  11 Pagesam the Road, also the Truth, also the Life. No one gets to the Father apart from me.† Jesus is the way to Heaven. I cannot doubt that. The pluralists say that God is the only way to Heaven but that completely contradicts the Christian faith, it debates the very truth we stand on. God sent His son, Jesus, so that we may live. We receive salvation through Christ, alone. Second salvation is universally attainable. Many people want to take on the pluralist and inclusivist view simply because it seems

Research Paper - Organic Farming - 2707 Words

Research Paper Organic Farming Introduction: Every Sunday is Simons grocery-shopping day. Unfortunately, he is in a bit of a dilemma while standing in the produce section of his local supermarket. In one hand, Simon is holding a conventionally grown Granny Smith apple. In his other hand, he has one that has been organically grown. Both apples look firm, shiny and green. Both provide vitamins and fiber, and both are free of fat, sodium and cholesterol. The conventionally grown apple cost less and is a proven family favourite. But the organic apple has a label that says USAD Organic or certified organic. Does that mean it is better? Safer? More nutritious? Simon is suspicious about the decision he has to make. Like many other†¦show more content†¦Another paper published in the Journal of Applied Ecology 2001 found that organic methods to grow tomatoes can promote biodiversity while maintaining productivity. Such benefits of organic system to the environment and to the social health issue are strongly recommended while facing the huge productivity and gaining profit goal. Current Economic Growth: Much has been said about the economic forces affecting agriculture and what they might mean for the 21st century. The term mass customization has been used to describe how firms might be able to produce customized products for different market segments. As organic foods become mainstream items, they are being marketed in many different outlets. In the beginning, the organic industry was dominated by small, on-farm processors who grew and marketed fruits and vegetables at local farmers markets and roadside stands (Scheel, 2004). Today, organic foods are found in traditional supermarkets, grocery stores and club stores, as well as in many restaurants and college foodservice operations (Survey of International Trade Center, 2004). The demand and consumption of organic foods particularly in North America continues to grow. In 2005, the Canadian market for organic products represents about $1 billion (CND). Also, independent Canadian grocers increased their organic produceShow MoreRelated Organic Farming is a Sustainable System of Agriculture1793 Words   |  7 Pages THESIS STATEMENT: Research suggests that organic farming is a sustainable system of agriculture because it builds a toxin free biologically diverse ecosystem, controls soil erosion, and enhances the quality of air and water by reducing the hazardous chemicals. Annotation: Source-1: Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (n.d.). Environmental benefits of organic agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/ This source isRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Farming1035 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is better organic farming or conventional farming? This is a question that all farmers face. Each type of farming as its own benefits and disadvantages. Organic farming and conventional farming are different in many different ways. I know farmers from both sides. I know farmers who practice organic farming and I also know farmers who practice conventional farming as well as some farmers who use a combination of the two types of farming. But I have never really know all of the differences betweenRead MoreOrganic vs. Conventional Farming: An Anthology757 Words   |  3 PagesDelusion: Against the Agri-intellectuals. Retrieved March 28, 2012, from http://www.american.com/archive/2009/july/the-omnivore2019s-delusion-against-the-agri-intellectuals In this paper, Blake Hurst answers critics of industrial farming citing various contentious issues regarding the heated debate on industrial farming. The paper makes claims that most Corn,  livestock and poultry produced in the United States of America is done organically. 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Discuss the â€Å"problem statement,† (what is the issue we are addressing?) - The â€Å"problem statement† to these three articles is to see if organic farming is capable of sustaining the global population by weighing the pros and cons of organic vs conventional farming. 2. Who are the authors and what are their qualifications? - First author, DiGregori has neither expertise or credential; he is a phD in Economics and does not have any experience dealing with agronomy nor didRead MoreMy Community Service Hours, By Paul Magedson1143 Words   |  5 PagesFor my community service hours, I went to the Good Earth Organic Farm in Celeste, TX owned by Paul Magedson. It is a certified organic farm that prides itself on not using â€Å"extensive herbicide and pesticide use[d] by intensive conventional agriculture† (Andreatta 2000 p.40). Paul’s farm grows and sells organic produce such as cucumbers, strawberries, okra, kale, and tomatoes. He sells grass-fed lamb from the sheep has raises on his farm and he also has chickens. To complete my hours, I went onRead MoreMy Community Service Hours, By Paul Magedson992 Words   |  4 Pages For my community service hours, I went to the Good Earth Organic Farm in Celeste, TX owned by Paul Magedson. It is a certified organic farm that prides itself on not using â€Å"extensive herbicide and pesticide use[d] by intensive conventional agriculture† (Andreatta 2000 p.40). Paul’s farm grows and sells organic produce such as cucumbers, strawberries, okra, kale, and tomatoes. He also sells grass-fed lamb from his sheep and has chickens. To complete my hours, I went on two trips to the farm withRead MoreOrganic Food : An Art1512 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic Food â€Å"To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art† (Francois De La Rochefoucauld). For the past few years’ organic food has become very popular among today’s society. The topic has been spread across headlines of magazines for example, men’s and women’s health magazine. Organic food has made for some very intriguing and diverse conversions on documentaries, talk shows, and health seminars. Organic food is plain and simple it is the process in

Anti Imperialism Speech Against the Annexation of the Phillippines Free Essays

Annexation of the Philippines – Argument Against I reflect on our own Declaration of Independence that states â€Å"Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. † We went to the Philippines to protect them from Spain and now here we are doing what we were keeping Spain from doing to these people. I ask you†¦ do we have their consent to annex them? Do they believe it is in their best interest to be annexed to our great country? And what measures are we taking to fund a continued military presence to care for these people? If the Filipinos are not in support of this annexation, they will most assuredly fight us that will result in unnecessary violence and bloodshed of both American soldiers and Filipinos, whether you think them civilized or uncivilized. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti Imperialism Speech Against the Annexation of the Phillippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is hypocritical to what we ourselves claim in our ideals expressed in our Declaration of Independence†¦ the right to self govern. With this move of annexation are we not acting on the grounds of Imperialism which goes against our belief as a Republic? Are we conquerors, or are we liberators? I believe we should allow Aguinaldo, who we brought there from exile, to set up their own government and create a strong partnership that is agreeable for both the Philippines and the United States with mutual prosperity. Let us be the inspiration and model of their new venture and not force it upon them. This move will be viewed by eyes of other countries; it will impact their perception of our United States and the freedoms our nation values. How to cite Anti Imperialism Speech Against the Annexation of the Phillippines, Papers

Construction of Olympic Games Competition

Question: Write an essay which critically evaluates the economic, environmental social impacts on Brazil of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and how any lessons learned could possibly be applied to the forthcoming 2016 Olympic Games? Answer: International events and festivals have always been some of the most awaited events by the people across the world. Principal attractive features of the events for are considered while advertised o the internet, television, reality shows and social media. In case of most of the international events, celebrities from different field are appointed such as sports, music, business, fashion etc for advertising and promoting the events. It has been found that these factors attract people as they like to enjoy the performance and get engaged emotionally. After all, the main aim of this type of events is to attract individuals throughout the world, to make the event colorful in all dimensions. International events and festivals have different impacts including both positive and negative impacts on that particular place, society and economy (Alpert, 1994). It has been observed that most of these effects may be prominent even before the occurrence of the event. In most cases, such events influence the stakeholders including the participants, local businesses and the host community. Prior to the event, some events will create a positive impact and some will create a negative impact on the stakeholders. Preparing for such event can be very overwhelming as many of the organizers want to make the event multicultural and they would not want a situation that would disappoint their participants. This experience in most cases should be treated as an adventure such that most of the individuals who will wish to attend will have a lot to see and the experience should be unique and enjoyable. From the government to the local community, everyone takes part in preparing the event to make its unfolding as high as expected. As most of the visitors come from foreign countries, various things such as immigrations passports, transportation and accommodation must be considered. The host should have the ability to gauge the average number of people who might be attending the event and therefore, organize their affordable accommodations. The investors can get an opportunity to generate significant profit by offering best accommodation to their guests. Hence, the international events and festivals can contribute in the tourism industry as well as the allied industry of the economy. The local tourism sector can gain significant advantages from these events as the visitors of the events are alos interested to travel and explore different part of the countries. According to Forbes (2014), World Cup 2014 was indeed overwhelming for Brazilians and they were not able to provide enough accommodation for all the people who visited the country during the event and most of them had to share hotel rooms. Another aspect i s that the hotel industry had capitalized the opportunity and increased the rate of hotel services (Goyal, 2010). It has been found that the visitors from different nations blamed the government as it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that the visitors get proper accommodation. The visitors were frustrated as their expenditure exceeded the budget as they got exploited. The government needs to be very strict about the immigration matters. This would help in controlling the number of people visiting the country as well as help in understanding their intentions and needs. Moreover, it is important ensure that they has potential monitor the activities of the guests. This would also assure a good estimation of the possible revenue and income prior to the event. Issues regarding security breach may lead to various problems and the country will encounter significant loss and incur uncontrolled expenses. The major responsibility of the Immigration Ministry is to serve the gu ests efficiently so that it makes them feel welcomed in the host country, and they can roam around peacefully within the nation. In order to offer highest level of enjoyment during the rip, the host nation need to focus on training the guides who will assists the guests from various locations. The guides will provide maps and guide them regarding the different areas which can be visited. Additionally, they will explain the cultural aspects o the host nation for ensuring safe and sound stay in the host country. Some of the attendees experience the cultural shock while most people experience the physical and psychological shocks when visiting a new nation having different culture and environment. Most of the guest sometimes might find a culture entirely different from what they were expecting and sometimes they tend to be affected by some things such as health issues, loss of appetite or excess fatigue. Such issues must be considered by the organizers of the international events and festivals and medical staff must be appointed for providing medical services to the visitors (Douglas, 2011). Travelling abroad and leaving your safe place can cause serious difficulties for some people. It is important for the organizers to address the cultural shock of the visitors. Later, the visitors start adapting the new things of the new country and they start enjoying the festival. At this point of time, the visitors start appreciating the services received and accept the eating and drinking habits along with the customs of the host nation. Thus, the emotions of the visitors become stable. This stage can be invested for attracting the visitors even when no international events or festival takes place. A good organization of services such as tourism and instruction for guests provide the essential background in organizing the FIFA World Cup. This event was one of the crucial events undertaken by the government of nation for making it huge succes. This primary aim was to provide a high quality and competent service for the guests so as to reinforce the nation's picture as a perfect holiday destination (Goyal, 2010). More than 16 600 people were enrolled in the program during these preparations. Additional taxi drivers, tour agent, civil and military police, city police and fire department and the reaction unit to guarantee the wellbeing of the entire event was assured and they were all trained to welcome visitor during the World Cup. Health and safety are the most fundamental factors during the preparation of any local or international event and the moment these factors are assured, all the guests find a good time to enjoy their stay in the host country (Getz, 1997). It is suggested that the visitors must be careful regarding their health so that they can enjoy the events. Moreover, the guests are always advised to ask for assistance from the tourist guide who will help in identifying unsafe places. It also should be a concern to understand the real motive of their guests visiting the festivals since some of them disguise as tourist with the intention of taking advantage of the significant event to make crimes and stealing from the other guest, some of them involve in the drug traffic and all sorts of illegal trades. The guests are advised not to travel alone especially at night, avoid public demonstrations such as the one which took place in Sao Paulo ahead of the World Cup opening ceremony and because tourism w ould be more approachable by thieves. They were advised to keep their bags zipped and wear the shoulder strap of a bag across the chest and always carry the hotel name, address and telephone number with them, written in the local language. They should always keep the door locked all the times at the hotel. For example, during FIFA World Cup tournament in Brazil, a lot of preparation had to be made to assure the security of the tourists, especially in Rio de Janeiro and they even had to install electronic devices such as CCTV to assist in enhancing safety in the town (Kassens-Noor, 2012). Strategic plan is an essential element of the event management procedure which makes all the staffs engaged during the preparation of the events. Staff engagement generates additional inputs and helps to build the commitment to the end plan. For such an international festival, all the process should run as planned, and all the activities should be highly designed to avoid bad reviews and experiences for the guests. It is essential to provide all the stakeholders of the event the planning of the strategy and involving them in any changes that are taking place that is providing insight into issue, challenges, concern and opportunities which may not have been known or fully understood by al the personnel in the bid to make the event successful (Kegley, 1975). Strategic planning can only be successful when both bottom up and top down communication approach is implemented while the event is being organized. It begins with a correspondence to all levels of representatives by educating them about all the procedures and the way they will be handling the guests and always take the event as if it is their own. This virtue will encourage the guests in the host country since they will enjoy the hospitality given to them, and they will want always want to come back due to the cooperation they were offered. When the event is taking place, there are many factors that take place contributing positively or negatively to the society and in the host country. Hosting major sporting events such as World Cup tournaments can give many economic, social and cultural benefits, however the cost of hosting is also quite high but there are different factors which determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs. There various advantages of hosting an international event which includes: Enhances the Country Profile - This can lead to significant economic benefits, for example, cities which host the Olympic, and World Cup tournaments eventually experiences significant improvement in the tourism industry and better recognition across the globe. They become famous all over the world, and even people will keep coming to visit those cities and even consider investing in different business. For a country like China with a controversial human right record, hosting major festivals and sporting events can be a ways to gain greater international acceptance (Masterman, 2004). When South Africa hosted world Rugby Cup and later football world cup, it was the defining moment of this country in highlighting the new Post-apartheid South Africa and this raised profile can be essential for giving economic benefits such as attracting tourist and business investment. Since that world cup event, the country has been hosting other major events and it has been found that US president was present during Mandelas Burial ceremony. However, even hosting commonwealth games can be beneficial for a city like Manchester, which has been significantly benefited from hosting games, despite persistent rain. In case of Brazil, it has been observed that the economy of the nation was significantly improved after international events. It helped in enhancing the infrastructure and it will host Olympic games and World Cup tournaments in future. Long term investment - a significant benefit for long term investment is enjoyed by the host country. The long term investment is associated with the preparation of the international events. For example, most of the investment is employed for building stadium, hotels, and all the social amenities and other essential infrastructure which are permanent. Hence, later the country will have the privilege to host other international events and different sporting venues. For instance, there has been significant investment and transport projects in London and, therefore, most of the Olympic Games have been hosted in that city. This will leave an enduring legacy for the residents of London (Preuss, 2013). For example Maracana Stadium was one of the prestigious stadiums that hosted 2014 World Cup game in Brazil in Rio De Janeiro and has since been long-term investments of the Brazil and they can organize many events of such kind in the same ground not forgetting cozy hotels, thriving business environment, and advanced infrastructure. Short term economic benefits: The Olympics events will see a surge in visitors, athletes, and media personalities and it will be associated with higher level of spending and infusion of cash into the neighborhood economy, this is brought about the rise in the business opportunity brought about by the even, for instance during the 2014 World Cup tournament economy increase due to the foreign exchange in the country and improvement of different communication, transport and banking industries, although it is in short time the drastic change cannot be measured. Enthusiasm - It has been found that there are various reason to not to host major sporting activities. For example, too much debt and many challenges such as security and, immoralities that come along with such events but such major sporting and any other kind of festivals can create enthusiasm and excitement for such an event (Preuss, 2013). It helps to promote sport which has a lasting benefit for the health of the nation and incase the host country suffers from racial crises, such events brings together people with the intention to support their team without caring the race one comes from thus promoting Civic Virtues. Jobs and investment Long term and short term investments in the event organizing economies will help in creating jobs and relatively depressed cities. This was an extraordinary claim made by the London Olympics, after choosing a site in East London which at the time was relatively depressed. The same case as in Brazil where the choose cities such as Saul Paulo. It is estimated that World Cup tournament created approximately 8000 full-time jobs and assisted in boosting up the economy which led to the output of approximatley $2bn. There are several disadvantages of hosting major international events and festivals which includes: Cost of building stadiums and other infrastructure- In order to host a major sporting event like Olympics or World Cup tournament significant amount of money is required by the nation and the amount has to be paid by the taxpayers. It has been observed that these festivals and international events tend to exceed the budgeted cost. For a case of Brazil, indeed before the world container started in June it was clear that there were real issues with a few of the 12 stadiums Brazil either redesigned or constructed new to host the competition. In addition to the construction and the delays and concerns about the Brazil would do with no less than four of the stadiums once the four- week tournament ended, and also there were concerns about raising costs that had far exceeded original predictions (Alpert, 1994). There were claims of the mismanagement of funds to be used for the renovation and construction of these stadiums as a report by Reuters published that the total stadium cost was $8.4 4bn which was far exceeding the predicted value of $2.1 bn. Of the 35 public transportation projects only 5 were completed a month before the tournament as was reported by Reuters and again of the 25 airports upgrades promised only 14 were finished, and none of the incomplete public transit project was finished. The far-fetched idea that this projects will be of benefit to the country in the future was the truth, but it was really straining the economy and even the taxpayers. Short term use- Though it has been observed that the both short term and long term investments helps in improving the infrastructure, most of the capital is invested for short term purposes. For example in 2014 world cup tournament most of the stadiums were to be used only in a 4-week session. Most of the facilities build during this session might not be used in the near future (Radnedge, 2014). This problem can be mitigated by careful planning. For example, London Olympics stadium will be used for West Ham and other Olympic facilities, like Olympics village will be converted into affordable housing. This will enable the government to avoid excessive cost related to the international event which can be only used once. For a country like Brazil, they should mobilize other tournaments with their neighboring countries so that most of these facilities are at operation and in this case they will be able to generate some income and even create employment. Potential for adverse publicity- holding international event one should be aware of the different opinions by different people according to the services given to them, some of the media are just there to criticize the effort of the government to make the festivals full of fun and even comparing the previous even with the current event. The organizers should clearly understand this, and they should come up with measures to avoid such situations to take place. They ought to strive to make things work out as planned since the country will enjoy positive publicity, and the vice versa is true. For example, Delhi suffered negative publicity over the state of its facilities at the Commonwealth Games. Winter Olympics has gotten antagonistic attention due to the corruption and the cost over-runs. Cost of security and high taxes to fund the incurred costs- major international festivals have to make arrangement for high level of security. This is both the cost to restrict freedom of movement of local citizens during games to give chances to the tourist coming in (Goyal, 2010). These overwhelming activities most of the times suffers from the security breach and if not well catered them might also bring about negative publicity. In most of these countries like Brazil, taxes were reported to have doubled in most case is to assist financing the high expenditure incurred by the government. For the sake of the forthcoming Rio 2016 Olympic games the government should be aware of various challenges which was encountered during the 2014 World Cup tournament and they should make proper arrangements and planning which will help in avoiding the excessive cost. The controlled expenditure will help in conducting the event within the budget and the investment can be used for longer term. This will assist to avoid straining the taxpayers (Walker, 2012). The issue of security should be well addressed, and accommodation of the people who will attend the event this will ensure the image of Brazil is maintained, and it will also encourage more people to be visiting the country. The fact that the country will maintain a good reputation will also encourage other international events to be hosted in the country and thus gaining more revenue In conclusion, it can be stated that the international event helps in uniting world as the international events and festivals give a chance to bring most of the countries at a common point and enjoy the event together. It also gives an opportunity for interracial mingling, and people belonging to different cultural background can share their diversity and uniqueness. These events attracts people from all walks of life and it has been seen as the most efficient way of eliminating the hatred of mankind where some of the whites tends to believe they cannot share a meal with a black but in this situation they share the same roof with the aim of competing with their countries. The aftermath of these festivals is learning how other countries handle life and even learn more efficient ways to compete even in business without any hatred and mutual cohesion to make the world a better place to live and ability to live any part of the world without fear or intimidation. References: 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Action Plan: Construction of Olympic Games Competition Venues and Related Facilities. (2008). Chinese Law Government, 41(4), pp. 15-19. Alpert, M. (1994).A New worldwide history of the Spanish Civil War. New York: St. Martin's Press. Douglas, L. (2011). Zero-waste Olympic Games [waste management]. Engineering Technology, 6(12), pp. 46-47. Getz, D. (1997). Event management event tourism. New York: Cognizant Communication Corp. Goal, S. (2010). Event management. New Delhi: Adhyayan Publishers Distributors. Holt, N. (n.d.). The mammoth book of the World Cup. Hurley, M. (n.d.). World Cup 2014. Kassens-Noor, E. (2012). Planning Olympic legacies. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Kegley, C. (1975). Universal occasions and the relative investigation of remote strategy. Columbia, S.C.: Published for the Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press. Masterman, G. (2004). Strategic sports event management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Preuss, H. (2013). The high Contribution of the FIFA World Cup and the well known Olympic Games has facilitated to Green Economy. Sustainability, 5(8), pp.3581-3600. Radnedge, K. (n.d.). The authority 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil reality record. Walker, J. (2012). Introduction to hospitality management. [s.l.]: Prentice Hall.

The Signifying Monkey Essay Example For Students

The Signifying Monkey Essay A Theory of African?American Literary Criticism30 April 03English 311Henry Louis Gates, Jr. in The Signifying Monkey attempts to address both the lack of literary theory directed toward African?American literature and the Anglo? literary theories that are applied to African?American literature. He speaks of the relationship between both African and African?American speech and literature. Essentially, Gates contends that the voice of the black individual that is manifested in black literature should speak for itself and that the literary theory applied to black literature should be generated from within the black tradition itself, autonomously (xx). Namely, the purpose of devising such a theory is to explicate black works through black, not European, eyes. The intent, Gates states, is to magnify, not mystify the meanings which may not be evident to those who are alien to certain meanings or inferences. We will write a custom essay on The Signifying Monkey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I once heard a comedian state something to effect that when slaves are portrayed in films or on television, they are made to sound ignorant and use a vernacular made popular mainly by its presentation in media. In all actuality, this comedian goes on to say, when blacks first came to this country, they spoke no English. The language that is portrayed in the media was actually English that was learned from ignorant ass slave owners. Seemingly, this can be applied to Gates when he speaks of the black tradition as being double?voiced. Novelists such as Ralph Ellison or Ishmael Reed are writing through a voice that is both black and white because, as Gates states, many black writers have learned to write from reading mainly traditional Western literature. Gates contends that his theory is not to applied only to black works because although he states that repetition and revision are fundamental to black artistic forms and that he focuses mainly on Signifyin(g) because of its fundamentalism. His implicit premise is that all works, whether motivated or unmotivated, Signify upon other works. Motivated signification, according to Gates, is manifested through such techniques as parody while unmotivated signification is manifest through such techniques as patiche. Neither, Gates asserts, is devoid of intent. Alice Walkers The Color Purple signifies Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God through its covert and overt methods of narration. Gates, himself, almost seems to signify post?structuralism, citing Saussures concept of the signifier and the signified.Essentially, Gates strives to assert that his theory is pertinent and direly needed to assess namely black literature but other literature as well because his theory has the capabilities of being applied to a plethora of works because they all, in some way or another, signify upon another text.

Return of the Jedi by George Lucas

Return of the Jedi by George Lucas Patrick RonanMay 14, 2014Steven SaccoSalvation HistoryStar Wars: Apocalyptic DaysConsidered to be one of the greatest film sagas of all time, Star Wars is not without its share of comparisons with apocalyptic literature. Whether or not George Lucas intentionally put these in here or not, they are there. While there are many examples of it, the three big ones take place at the beginning, middle, and the end of the movie. But these apocalyptic themes are not connected to one another to form a big picture. But each of them does show a connection between Star Wars and apocalyptic literature.The beginning one is a line you all know. "A Long Time Ago in a Galaxy Far Far Away." This is the first one included because it is a historical quote and everyone knows it. The way this relates to apocalyptic literature is that it says that the film is written in retrospect; even though the technology is too advanced to take place in the past.A portrait of George Lucas, Pasadena, California, ...Anothe r reason as to how it relates to apocalyptic literature is that says "in a Galaxy Far Far Away," which could mean a celestial level; or in layman's terms, a godly battle. The next correlation is a bit less historically known, the part where the alliance is trapped between the Death Star and Star Destroyers.This correlation is about the apocalyptic themes of when the rebels are trapped. This is a major part of apocalyptic themes because of two reasons. One, it show that they need to fight, even though many will die, and that there will be hope afterwards; this is shown by how the forced field around the Death Star is deactivated after about 15 movie minutes of being destroyed. The second reason is it is a...

Employee Reaction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employee Reaction - Assignment Example The level of innovation comes into focus in this case. The more innovative an employee is at the workplace, the greater the chance that he or she will be a valuable asset to the organization. In this case, the compensation for such an individual will be high. This is for the purpose of maintaining them. This is especially bearing in mind that other organizations may be looking for such individuals and offer them even greater pay packages (WorldAtWork, 2007). The requirements of the job ought to be clearly highlighted. This is especially in the case of the employees. For this reason, the employees will apply for job positions while knowing what is in store especially in the case of their compensation. At times there is the issue of signing up for a job without the knowledge of what the implications of the job are. 5. Is it relevant for employees to state the amount of compensation they would like? To a greater extent it would be relevant. This is because it is the employees who know how much work they have to do and what is in store in the course of their duties. However, in most cases, the quoted figure would be high. For this reason, the management ought to negotiate with the employees on matters to do with compensation until a valid figure is reached (WorldAtWork,

International Management - PESTEL analysis of company ( Jaguar Land Essay

International Management - PESTEL analysis of company ( Jaguar Land Rover) - Essay Example In the case of UK the company has to go through lesser formalities. Red tape is also an important issue that the organization faces in their business operations in India. This political issue is a significant problem for the company. Like other automobile companies the organization is also facing the threat of international terrorism. Being a multinational company the organization has significant threats from the global terrorists groups. Foreign investors in the Indian market are getting significant tax benefits from the government. It has attracted lots of automobile companies to open their accounts and to expand their businesses in the Indian markets. It has increased the competition for Jaguar Land Rover. The organization has business operations in China. China is a communist nation. In that country freedom of speech is very less and so the organization has to manage their business operations according to the whims and fancies of the Chinese government. There is very less scope f or the organization to voice their concern in the country. Political situations in the Asia pacific region are significantly volatile in nature. Political situations in Pakistan and Afghanistan are not all safe for the company. It is being observed that often in these two countries foreign nationalities and foreign organizations are the soft targets of the terrorists groups. Due all these volatile situations safety and security of the employees are significant concerns that the organization is currently confronting. These entire messy political situations have hampered the business profitability also. In this region the company recorded lowest volumes of sales. In 2012, Only 9161 Land Rover cars and 3815 Jaguar cars were sold in the region. Recently the organization has been acquired by Indian automobile company TATA Motors. Differentiating cultures of these two organizations is also an issue for the company. Jaguar Land Rover is one of

Electroencephalography Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electroencephalography - Lab Report Example On the first look, EEG statistics is seen as noisy signal, unstructured, a ND non-stationary. However, the advanced signal processing methods are used in separating different brain wave components. The components are associated with various brain functions and areas (Walter, 2001). The present research is focused on the correlation discovery between the specific brain tasks pattern to mental health, sleep phases, and emotional states. In a medical setting, EEG is mainly used for diagnosing neurological disorders like the patient's consciousness, and epilepsy during the surgical procedures. Additionally, it is shown that signals of EEG are used as inputs to control for the other systems like the computer interface. This is important during spinal cord injury in restoring function. The lab uses the Bio Radion in detecting the electrical activity in the cerebral cortex and apply some basic analysis methods in interpreting the data. Retrieved on 29th October 2013: https://www.google.co.k e/search?q=the+human+brain+main+regions&newwindow=1&client=firefox-beta&hs=3vm&rls=org.mozilla: Methods and Equipment required CleveLabs Kit CleveLabs Course Software Seven Gold Cup Software Conductive Gel Wipes, Gauze, and Cotton balls MS Excel During the lab session the four EEG channels were recorded. The two channels will be in from the frontal region and the other channels will be from the occipital section. The Clevelab software is included when setting up the movie before starting the experimental set up in the laboratory process. 1. In performing the experiment, the subjects should have short hair. The subjects should have free hair gel scalp. The experiment also requires 7 gold cup electrodes. The electrodes will be positioned at 01 and 02, FP1, and FP2 in measuring the EEG, on every mastoid and FPZ from the ground. The processes of mastoid are the structures that are bony like that can be felt behind the ears. Before the application of electrodes to the subject it is cruci al to clean and prepare the sites of electrodes. 2. At this stage, the electrode attachment is carried out. Fill the electrode generously with the given gel to fill the cup (â€Å"Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology†, 2007). Slide the gold cup electrode with the gel into the pad and then push the hair sideways and place electrode on the subject's head at O1. Repeat the other electrode at the locations. The placement of electrodes at point O1 and O2 is shown below. Retrieved on 29th October 2013: http://www.upstate.edu/cdb/education/grossanat/hnsklattb5.shtml 3. Connect the leads of gold cups and jumpers to transmit inputs 1, 2, 3, 4, and the ground by using the outlined figure as the reference (Cohn, 2009). The head’s left has now been symmetrically to the right side from the top down view. As shown in the diagram below Retrieved on 29th October 2013: http://glneurotech.com/bioradio/bioradio-wireless-physiological-monitor/ Procedure and collection of da ta The procedure of this experiment involves the calibration, data recording, and analysis of data. The setup entails turning the computer on and plug the BIORADIO equipment followed electrode positioning. The second stage is calibration. The stage ensures that the electrodes are good places and the relaxation of the subject. The data that is calibrated is checked to make sure that they are the same. Consequently, the data recording is performed when

Black History Project Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr Cultural Studies Essay

Black History Project Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr Cultural Studies Essay On April 16, 1947, Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr. was born in Harlem to Cora Lillian and Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Sr. Who knew that he would grow up to be one of the greatest basketball players in the history of the NBA. He is more recognized by his changed name, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Abdul-Jabbar was raised in Manhattan and did not live a wealthy life. His mother, Cora Lillian, worked as a department store price checker and the father, Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Sr., was a transit police officer and a jazz musician. He weighed at 12 pounds and 10 ounces at birth and was twenty-two and a half inches long. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul_Jabbar) His grandfather was of Trinidad descent and was 68 tall and his father was 62 tall. Even his mother, who was of Cherokee descent, was 511 tall. His parents raised him to be Catholic (however he later converted to Islam) and he was enrolled in St. Judes Elementary in Washington Heights. He was one of the only two African Americans in the grade school. Abdul-Jabbar was then transferred to Holy Providence Boarding School in Cornell Heights, Pennsylvania in the fourth grade. The student population in the school numbered only 40 male students, all of whom were African American. Abdul-Jabbar was a hardworking child and an honor student, which made him seem unlikeable by other students. He hardly fit with the crowd in school so his parents brought him back to New York City when he completed the fourth grade. (http://sports.jrank.org/pages/23/Abdul-Jabbar-Kareem-Childhood-Big-Man.html) Abdul-Jabbar considers many people to be his heroes and inspired him to pull through whenever he went through tough times. When he was a boy, he and his mother used to listen to baseball on the radio. His favorite team was the Brooklyn Dodgers and his favorite player was Jackie Robinson who ended almost sixty years of segregation in sports. Abdul-Jabbar admires his courage, grace, and patience the most because it inspired him to utilize those qualities not only in daily life, but as well as when he entered the realm of professional sports. (http://kareemabduljabbar.com/giantspages/favspages/heroespages/02bjrobinson) Other heroes that have helped Abdul-Jabbar through his times of hardships include Malcolm X, Harriet Tubman, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (http://kareemabduljabbar.com/giantspages/favspages/kajheroes) Abdul-Jabbar got hooked on to basketball at a very early age. In Manhattan, Abdul-Jabbar spent his time with his friends playing basketball at a local playground called the Battlegrounds at Amsterdam. At Holy Providence, he also spent time during recess periods playing peach-basket basketball. He improved greatly playing on the courts of Philadelphia and when he finished the eighth grade he was well-respected in the sport. His frame, at the time, of 6-feet-8-inches provided a great advantage towards other players he faced. He was able to go to Power Memorial High School by scholarship in 1962, where he played for the varsity team for four years. Abdul-Jabbar led the varsity team with the influence of Coach Jack Donahue to a 78-1 record and two national championships. He made the all-city team for each of his four years of high school, and there he set a New York City record for the most points scored by a high school player, as well as the most rebounds. (http://sports.jrank.org/page s/23/Abdul-Jabbar-Kareem-Childhood-Big-Man.html) Also with a scholarship of his choice, Abdul-Jabbar played for the UCLA Bruins from 1966 to 1969 under Coach John Wooden. Abdul-Jabbar led the Bruins to a three-year record of an outstanding 88 wins and only two losses. He acquired many accolades in his college career which made him very noticeable and recognizable to other players and teams. He was awarded Player of the Year twice for 1967 and 1969, three-time First Team All-American, played on three NCAA Basketball champion teams, honored as the Most Outstanding Player in the NCAA Tournament three times, and became the first-ever Naismith College Player of the Year which was renamed as the Oscar Robertson Trophy. Abdul-Jabbar became the only player to win the Helms Foundation Player of the Year. The most well-known college game of Abdul-Jabbar was on January 20, 1968 when he and the UCLA Bruins competed against the Houston Cougars in the first-ever nationally televised regular season college basketball game. At the Houston Astrodom e, over 50,000 fans witnessed the event live as Houston managed to defeat UCLA as a final score of 71-69. Abdul-Jabbar suffered a scratch on his left cornea during the game which definitely contributed to the lack of an adequate performance from the player. From then on, he wore his signature goggles for protection for his eye was still not 100% healed. Abdul-Jabbar then was drafted in the 1969 NBA Draft by the Milwaukee Bucks where he began his path to superstardom in the field of professional basketball. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul_Jabbar) The multimedia file portrays the final seconds of the 1974 NBA Finals. Two blockbuster teams, the Celtics and the Bucks, went head-to-head in an epic contest. The video shows the legendary Kareem Abdul-Jabbar performing his signature skyhook shot over Henry Finkel to give the Milwaukee Bucks a 102-101 win in a double overtime. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd-iBiz49h8) The skyhook shot was what Abdul-Jabbar was known for because it was very difficult to block. This was because the shot put his 72 frame between the basket and the ball. Only a few players even accomplished in blocking the skyhook shot. This win over the Celtics would send the series into a seventh game. A similar shot was used in the 1987 NBA Championship by Magic Johnson. Johnson referred it as the baby hook in reference to his good friend and teammate. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_shot) A greater advantage for Abdul-Jabbar was the fact that he can do the skyhook with either hand. This made him even more diffi cult to defend. According to Abdul-Jabbar, the skyhook shot was the only shot I could use that didnt get smashed back in my face. (Kareem 112) Abdul-Jabbars professional career began when he was picked by the Milwaukee Bucks as a coin-toss over the Phoenix Suns. His place in the team enabled the 69-70 Bucks to achieve second place in the NBAs Eastern Division. He was ranked second in the league of scoring and third in the league of rebounding; for that, he received the award of NBA Rookie of the Year. In 70-71, Milwaukee then went on to record the second-best record with 66 wins. During his career in the Bucks, Abdul-Jabbar was awarded three NBA Most Valuable Player Awards, two scoring titles, and the NBA Championship. He played for the Milwaukee Bucks for a total of six seasons. In 1975, Abdul-Jabbar was drafted by the Lakers and he then began to actually step up his game even further by training harder and doing everything he can to improve his weaknesses. To develop a greater flexibility, Abdul-Jabbar began yoga in 1976 and was also known for physical fitness regimen. Throughout his entire career, Abdul-Jabbar acquired numerous accolades including a total of 38, 387 points, 17, 440 rebounds, and 3, 189 blocks. He has awarded six NBA Championships, six NBA MVPs, nineteen NBA All-Stars, two NBA Finals MVPs, ten All-NBA First Team Selections, five All-NBA Second Team Selections, five NBA All-Defensive First Teams Selections, six NBA All-Defensive Second Team Selection, 1970 NBA Rookie of the Year, 1970 NBA All-Rookie Team, participation in the NBAs 50th Anniversary All-Time Team, three NCAA Mens Basketball Championships, three NCAA Basketball Tournament MOPs, Naismith College Player of the Year, and a two-time USBWA College Player of the Year. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul_Jabbar) His total stats add up to the following: games 1560, games started 625, minutes played 57446, field goals 15837, field goal attempts 28307, field goal percentage .559, three-point field goals 1, three-point field goal attempts 18, three-point field goal percentage .056, free throws 6712, free throw attempts 6712, free throw percentage .721, offensive rebounds 2975, defensive rebounds 9394, total rebounds 17440, assists 5660, steals 1160, blocks 3189, turnovers 2527, personal fouls 4657, and points 38387. (http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/abdulka01.html) Abdul-Jabbars NBA career lasted twenty long years, from 1969 to 1989. His talent was quickly recognized by his outstanding performance in college when he played for the UCLA Bruins. Abdul-Jabbar was a large star with many loyal fans. Many Abdul-Jabbar fans wore his signature goggles when attending the games to show their support for the player. Abdul-Jabbar announced his retirement on June 28, 1989, and during his final season, every team in the NBA gave him gifts including a yacht with the words Captain Skyhook on it. Abdul-Jabbar has served as an assistant coach for the LA Lakers since 2005. He is also interested in acting because of his fame through basketball. He made several television and film appearances including the sitcoms Full House, Everybody Loves Raymond, and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul_Jabbar) Abdul-Jabbar is a large advocate and supporter of helping the Muslim youth. He understands how many young Muslims face numerous acts of discrimination and negative stereotyping because of their religion. He advises them to simply explain how the religion of Islam has affected their lives positively. He relates the situation of the Muslims to the experience he went through as an African-American in the United States. Abdul-Jabbar explains that fanatics have taken over the stage and made Islam seem to be fanatic, when really it is the complete opposite since Muslims benefit every day from the morals and ethics the religion teaches. He says that the youth must be motivated and must not give in to the demeaning and demoralizing acts others do to discriminate Muslims. (http://kareemabduljabbar.com/?p=1156#more-1156) The primary type of charities Abdul-Jabbar supports are the ones that mainly promote cancer and leukemia. This is the case because Abdul-Jabbar himself is diagnosed with a rare type of leukemia. (http://kareemabduljabbar.com/?page_id=74) He discovered his condition when he suddenly began to feel odd sensations such as hot flashes and sweats on a regular basis. When he took an exam at the UCLA Medical Center, the doctor informed Abdul-Jabbar that his white blood cell count was excessive and the doctor diagnosed him with leukemia. However, the disease is not too serious for it can be treated and he can live a full, productive life. According to Abdul-Jabbars doctor, the disease tends to initially diagnose people in their mid-to-late 60s and typically affects males more than females. (http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/basketball/nba/11/10/abdul-jabbar-leukemia.ap/index.html) Abdul-Jabbar is the head of the Skyhook Foundation as well. The organization empowers childrens lives by not only motivating and inspiring them in sports but as well as in the importance of education. (http://kareemabduljabbar.com/?page_id=1187) Abdul-Jabbar has been described to have a very shy and introverted personality. He always wore very formal attire when attending any event or occasion such as a suit or a tuxedo. Abdul-Jabbar explains that he is always uncomfortable when speaking to reporters and describes them as scurrying around like cockroaches after crumbs. At games, he has been described as an arrogant player; however, his performance at games certainly backs up his arrogance. (http://sports.jrank.org/pages/24/Abdul-Jabbar-Kareem-Spiritual-Journeys.html) In his private life, he has been described as a person with little words; however he is a very hardworking individual. Abdul-Jabbar married Habiba Abdul-Jabbar, but divorced in 1978. He had two daughters named Habiba and Sultana and one son named Kareem Jr. with her. Kareem Jr. also hopes to follow his fathers footsteps to professional basketball. He has two sons, Amir and Adam, with another woman named Cheryl Pistono. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul- Jabbar) Abdul-Jabbar considers fellow basketball player Magic Johnson as one of his closest friends. Johnson respects Abdul-Jabbar so much that he performed the sky hook shot as the final shot instantly before the buzzer to win the 1987 NBA Finals as a form of gratitude towards his great friend. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_shot) Abdul-Jabbar considers Coach Donahue for the Power Memorial High School and Coach Wooden for the UCLA Bruins to be his biggest motivations. The two coaches are the ones who really pushed Abdul-Jabbar to the limit for him to achieve and reach the success he dreamt of. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar) Abdul-Jabbar said that his entire life turned for the better when he converted to Islam. The religion has taught him how having good intentions for things can bring good things to life. He is a rather honest, truthful, and quiet individual. (http://kareemabduljabbar.com/?p=1120#more-1120) Abdul-Jabbar is not very involved in the field of politics; however, he is a very strong supporter for helping the Muslim youth against discrimination. He has been known to only speak English because his parents were occupied with their profession. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is considered a very good role model because he had a poor life. His perseverance and determination brought him to where he is today. His path to a successful career in the NBA can be an inspiration for many. This proves that nobody is crazy if they simply want to dream big. Pictorial http://iggyvibal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/kareem_abdul_jabbar_skyhook.jpg Abdul-Jabbar Going For His Signature Sky Hook Shot (http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://iggyvibal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/kareem_abdul_jabbar_skyhook.jpgimgrefurl=http://iggyvibal.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/jabbar-has-rare-form-of-leukemia/usg=__y-8q8ZOQfx6QwCuSV_EvdRxMSLA=h=517w=414sz=53hl=enstart=1tbnid=FYBmKMiJF1OtcM:tbnh=131tbnw=105prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkareem%2Babdul%2Bjabbar%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den) http://www.b-sidenation.com/images/bsidepics1/kareem%20abdul-jabbar1.jpg Abdul-Jabbar Setting Up To Shoot (http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.b-sidenation.com/images/bsidepics1/kareem%2520abdul-jabbar1.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.b-sidenation.com/gpage5.htmlusg=__uG1p7g3eWDGTIVcR_JGacc01MCQ=h=421w=319sz=77hl=enstart=11tbnid=Csr1xJcsgXPoUM:tbnh=125tbnw=95prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkareem%2Babdul%2Bjabbar%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den) File:Kareem Abdul Jabbar crop.jpg Abdul-Jabbar in the White House (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kareem_Abdul_Jabbar_crop.jpg) File:Kareem1vl1.jpg Abdul-Jabbar at a Book Signing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kareem1vl1.jpg) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar shoots a sky hook over Xavier McDaniel.JPG Abdul-Jabbar Shoots a Sky Hook over Xavier McDaniel (http://lakers.topbuzz.com/gallery/v/kareem-abdul-jabbar/Kareem+Abdul-Jabbar+shoots+a+sky+hook+over+Xavier+McDaniel.JPG.html)

Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith Essay -- John S

Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith The author John Smith, a pilgrim who arrived to the Americas, wrote a description of the new land in his book â€Å" A Description of New England †. In this book Smith shows a wonderful world of vast food and pleasure. Also, William Bradford another pilgrim who arrived to Plymouth on the coast of Massachusetts, wrote a book called â€Å" Of Plymouth Plantation † in which he describes what really happened, how the pilgrims actually lived. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast both authors and their books. John Smith wrote about the wonderful place the New World was, on the other hand, William Bradford wrote about the realities and difficulties of the New World. In â€Å" A Description of New England †, Smith starts by describing the pleasure and content that risking your life for getting your own piece of land brings to men. On the other hand, Bradford reminds us how harsh and difficult the trip to the New World was for the p...

Describe and evaluate psychological research Essay

There are many different factors into why some relationships fail and others succeed. In this particular essay, I will look into why some relationships do breakdown.  The first model into the dissolution of relationships was devised by Karney and Bradbury (1955). They said that there were three major factors that determined marital stability. The first of these were enduring vulnerabilities, which includes an unhappy childhood and high neuroticism. The second is stressful events such as illness or poverty. Lastly, adaptive processes also have an effect. This refers to constructive and destructive coping strategies to resolve issues. All three factors can be linked together; for example, enduring vulnerabilities can cause stressful events. This model is good because past research has shown that many factors have been associated with the breakdown of relationships, and most of these factors can be related to the three variables mentioned in this model. This shows that it can explain why some relationships do break down. Another strength is that it shows how these three variables can link together to reduce marital quality. However, it can be criticised as it places too much emphasis on marital quality and satisfaction leading to a break-up. Levinger argued that there are other factors that also affect whether a couple break up or not. An example of this is divorce – people may not want to go through the hassle. Duck (1988) proposed a four-phase model, which explains what happens during the termination of close or intimate relationships. The first stage is the intra-psychic phase, where one of the partners becomes very unhappy with the relationship. This then leads to the dyadic phase, where the other person becomes involved. If the problem is not resolved, then it leads to the social phase where family and friends become involved. If the problem is not resolved here then it goes to the final stage. This is the grave-dressing phase, where the ex-partners begin the organisation of their post-relationship lives. A strength of this model is that it addresses cognitive aspects, not just behavioural aspects of relationships. It has important implications for the repair of relationships. However, it can be criticised because, although it mentions the stages of a breakdown, it doesn’t provide reasons for why this happens. It also doesn’t take into account individual differences for example; it assumes that everyone goes through the same stages in a relationship break-up. This might not necessarily be true, for example not every relationship breakup may involve friends or family, or couples may go through the stages in a different order. Lastly, it is culturally biased, and so the results cannot be generalised to other countries. For example, Japan see break-ups as wrong and so probably wouldn’t go through those phases. Another theory into the dissolution of break ups is Lee’s (1984) Model of Relationship Break Up. He conducted extensive interviews of 112 break-ups of premarital romantic relationships. He argued that there were five stages to a relationship break-up. The first of these is dissatisfaction, which is when the couple realise there are problems within the relationship. Next is exposure where the dissatisfaction is brought into the open, and then is negotiation where discussions of the issues are raised. Resolution then happens when the partners try to find ways to solve the problems and if this doesn’t work, then termination happens, which is the final stage. However, there are weaknesses to this theory. For example, it assumes that everyone goes through those stages and so doesn’t take into account individual differences. In fact, couples may miss out certain stages such as resolution. In terms of both Duck and Lee’s models, a 6 or 7 stage model incorporating phases from both of the models would provide a better and more accurate account of the break up of a relationship. The Social Exchange theory, proposed by Thibaut and Kelley (1959) can also explain the dissolution of relationships. This theory is based on the cost and rewards, or the give and take in a relationship. Costs in a relationship could be seen as energy, time and money spent, whereas rewards could be affection, company and security. The Social Exchange Theory argues that the relationship will end if the costs are greater than the rewards. It states that we compare the relationship we are in to past relationships -if the costs and rewards are better or worse than before, it can help to determine whether we will stay in that relationship. This theory is strengthened by the Equity theory, which states that people are happiest in relationships if the give and take is about equal. However, there are some criticisms – firstly, it doesn’t take into account people’s feelings. Secondly, although it provides a reason for why relationships breakdown, it doesn’t explain how.

Word Choice Premier vs. Premiere - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Premier vs. Premiere - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Premier vs. Premiere â€Å"Premier† and â€Å"premiere† look very similar written down. They also sound similar when spoken. And to top it all off, they both have to do with being â€Å"first† in some sense. Is it any surprise, then, that people get these words mixed up? Probably not. Yet there is a difference between them, so make sure your written work is error free with our helpful guide. Premier (First in Status) â€Å"Premier† is usually an adjective meaning â€Å"first in status† or â€Å"best†: Usain Bolt was the premier sprinter of his generation. Here, we’re referring to Mr. Bolt’s status as a leading athlete on the track. With that name, he was either going to be a runner or a mechanic.(Photo: Grzegorz Jereczek/flickr) A secondary use is as a noun that refers to the leader of a government: We will remember him as the UK’s worst ever premier. Typically, â€Å"premier† is used for the prime minister of a country. However, in Australia and Canada, it is also used for heads of regional government bodies. Premiere (A Debut or First Performance) â€Å"Premiere† is primarily a noun that refers to the first public performance or appearance of something: We’re having a glitzy premiere with a red carpet for our new play. But the same word can also be used as a verb meaning â€Å"show for the first time.† For example, we could say: We’ll be premiering the movie at the Sundance Festival. There are worse places to premiere something.(Photo: Travis Wise/flickr) In both noun and verb cases, â€Å"premiere† usually applies to a performance or entertainment of some kind. But you can also â€Å"premiere† other things (e.g., when a company reveals a new product for the first time). Premier or Premiere? These words are similar in many ways. However, â€Å"premiere† is only ever used in relation to the first public appearance of something. In any other situation, the correct term will therefore be â€Å"premier.† Remember: Premier (adjective) = First in status or importance Premier (noun) = The leader of a government Premiere (noun) = The first performance or appearance of something Premiere (verb) = The act of showing something in public for the first time

Terra and Its Relations

Terra and Its Relations Terra and Its Relations Terra and Its Relations By Mark Nichol This post lists and defines words derived from the Latin noun terra, meaning â€Å"earth† or â€Å"land.† Terra is used in several contexts in English but never on its own as a common noun. It is the name of an early Roman goddess associated with Ceres, the goddess of agriculture and maternity, and identified with the Greek goddess Gaia. It is also the Latin name for Earth and is widely used as such in science fiction; the adjective in usage associated with the proper noun is Terran. (The notion of populating another planet with Earth’s flora and fauna to facilitate colonization is called terraforming.) In addition, it refers to landmasses on planets and satellites, in combination with other classical names (such as Aphrodite Terra on Venus and Terra Cimmeria on Mars). In this context, the Latin plural terrae is employed to refer to more than one such feature. â€Å"Terra firma† originally referred to outlying areas of the Republic of Venice as opposed to the city itself, which was built on a lagoon; now, it means â€Å"solid ground† and is used figuratively as well as literally to refer to having a steady, substantial footing. Terra-cotta, meanwhile, means â€Å"cooked earth† and is the name of a type of clay used for statuary, vases, and architecture, as well as the word for products made of the clay; it also refers to the brownish orange typical of the finished product. The word is also associated with landmasses on Earth, as in the well-known phrase â€Å"terra incognita† (literally, â€Å"unknown land†), which refers to hypothetical places, and the more obscure â€Å"terra nullius† (essentially equivalent to â€Å"no man’s land†). Because these Latin phrases, at least, have been adopted into English, they need not be italicized. Other words stemming from terra include terrain, which originally described equestrian training grounds but now pertains to a piece of land in general or the physical features of such. (That word is part of the phrase â€Å"all-terrain vehicle,† usually referred to by its initials, ATV.) It can be employed figuratively just as area is- for example, when describing a skill or topic one is unfamiliar with as â€Å"new terrain.† Terrace, which referred in its Old French form to a platform built on a mound of earth, now describes a flat area, used for leisure, next to a building or to an artificially level section of a hillside where crops are grown, as well as a row of houses or a residential street, originally one located on a slope. It may also refer to any flat natural or constructed area. Terrace is also a verb describing formation of either general type of terrace. Terrestrial is an adjective describing something pertaining to Earth or to land as opposed to water, air, or space; it also refers to the dense inner planets of the solar system as distinct from the large, gaseous outer planets. Extraterrestrial, originally an adjective alluding to something originating elsewhere than on Earth, is often employed to denote a being from another planet, especially a sentient one that is part of an alien civilization. Terrene is an obscure alternative to the adjective terrestrial; a related adjective, subterranean (literally, â€Å"underground†), is much more familiar. Territory refers in general to an area of indeterminate size; more specifically, it may pertain to a geopolitical area under government jurisdiction but not classified as a province, state, or other national subdivision. The word may be used figuratively as a synonym for the nonliteral use of terrain. (The idioms â€Å"come(s) with the territory† and â€Å"go(es) with the territory† refer to something being an inevitable aspect of a situation.) The adjectival form is territorial; both the noun and the adjective may refer to animal behavior related to protection of habitat. A terrarium is a small indoor enclosure, usually made of clear glass or plastic, for observing animals and/or plants in a microcosm of their natural environment; the word is constructed on the model of aquarium. On a related note, the obscure adjective terraqueous means â€Å"consisting of both land and water.† Another rare word stemming from terra is parterre, which describes an ornamental garden or the main floor of a theater. Better-known words that may not be easily recognized as being derived from terra include terrier, originally pertaining to a type of dog originally bred to pursue animals into burrows, and tureen, a word for a deep, covered bowl used for baking and/or serving soup or other foods or for a similar laboratory container. Terrible and terror are unrelated words stemming from the Latin verb terrere, meaning â€Å"frighten,† and interrogate is from interrogare, consisting of the prefix inter- attached to the verb rogare, meaning â€Å"ask.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Statistical Analyses of Research Question Statistics Project

Statistical Analyses of Research Question - Statistics Project Example Regulation takes two broad forms: formal (constitutes regulation by authorities to prevent society from falling into some ungovernable state; for instance, employment of sanctions by law enforcement authorities) and informal (which involves an adaptation process triggered by socialization – the process of transforming persons with a potentially wide range of behavioral traits to conform to a narrower set of values accepted within the society they are adapting to (Warner, Leukefeld & Kraman, 2003). Yet transforming to an extent of fully conforming to the set social and legal standards that govern a group of individuals is not easy. This not only affects individuals who are new to a locality but it also forms a basis for social and legal strife among members of all ranks. Notably, the transformation process has been associated with challenges, including engagement in drug abuse and alcoholism, burglary among other antisocial behaviors (Fulkerson, Pasch, Perry & Komro, 2008). Research into the effects of informal social control is largely confined within the principles of the social control theory. The theory proposes four types of control: internal, indirect, direct, and control through satisfaction (Pratt, Gau & Franklin, 2011). Informal social control is of specific importance since it involves aspects of the individual’s ability to interact and socialize effectively in order to conform to the desired socio-legal model. Warner, Leukefeld and Kraman (2003) noted that the influence of social ties in mediating conformity to set social standards is unclear. For instance, ghetto-related behaviors tend to mutilate community values, and the resulting community is characterized by ambiguity in value adoption; with a section of the population drifting towards the larger community’s ideals and the remaining section adapting to ideals

Introduction to Macroeconomics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Macroeconomics - Case Study Example Moreover, there are always huge numbers of people that are self-employed and every one cannot increase their incomes in proportion to the inflation rate so a huge chunk of citizens suffer in this process. In a way, high inflation impacts living standard of the majority of the people. Impact on Interest Rates Bank interest rates get impacted due to high rate of inflation because banks need to enhance their deposit rates to attract the deposits from the public; moreover, this will also cause lending rates to go up. This puts producers and traders at inconvenience as their production planning process goes in turmoil impacting production, sales/marketing and other related functions. During high inflation regime, investors tend to disinvest from fixed income securities such as bonds, debentures causing a great upheaval in the market. People tend to spend this money on their other needs fueling further inflationary pressure in the market. Impact on Saving High inflation rate discourages sa ving thus reducing capital formation necessary for economic growth; on the contrary, high inflationary environment forces people to spend as fast as possible before money loses its value. With increased levels of spending, market gets heated up giving a further upward push to the prices. Overall, market gets hooked up in an inflation trap creating a difficult situation for all. Affects Global competitiveness High-inflation at the domestic front, relative to the trading partner, makes imports lucrative and exports less competitive. This disturbs the trade balances significantly and as a natural consequence, industries involved in exports or competing with imports tend to lose market leading to unemployment in those sectors. Eventually, this can cause its impact on nation's GDP and unemployment rate. No democratically elected government would like to live with this situation for a long time and will resort to the measures necessary to cap the inflation at reasonable levels. Labor Unre st High inflation rate could also be a cause for labor unrest. Union activities increase during high inflation environment because often wages and salaries fail to keep pace with inflation. This disrupts the smooth functioning of the manufacturing units harming productivity and economic growth of the country. Uncertainty The companies from within and outside do not want to invest when instability and uncertainty due to inflation prevails in the country. It has a negative impact on economic growth of the nation. Thus, it becomes quite clear that it is extremely important to control inflation in the larger interest of the economy, people and the country. B) Since the financial/economic crisis, which first manifested itself in 2006/7, the UK rate of inflation has deviated from its bank of England chosen target. Identify these deviations and discuss their possible causes. Answer Source: http://citywire.co.uk/global/central-bank-regime-change-the-new-inflation-rules/a645632#i=1 Bank of E ngland’s targeted inflation rate right from 2007 until date as measured by consumer price index (CPI) has been 2.0 percent. Inflation in terms of CPI, most of the time, has remained above 2.0 percent except for the second half in 2009 when it fell down below the targeted level. But since then it has consistently deviated above

Study of Efficient Market Hypothesis 04012 Essay

Study of Efficient Market Hypothesis 04012 - Essay Example ns that the bubbles in prices of assets are not possible nor does EMH deny that behavioural and environmental features cannot have deep influences on the required risk premiums and rates of returns (Timmermann and Granger, 2004). EMH declares that shares are constantly traded at their reasonable value, therefore making it impracticable for the investors to purchase the undervalued shares or sell shares for overstated or inflated prices (Borges, 2010). According to this, it may be impossible for the investors to outperform the entire market through market timing or expert share selection. So, the only means for the investor to receive higher or advanced returns is through buying riskier investments. There are three forms of efficiency i.e. weak-form, strong and semi-strong form of efficiency (Morningstar, 2015). In the efficiency of weak-form, it is not possible to predict the future price by analysing the past prices and the surplus returns cannot be received by employing the investment strategies which is based on the historical data (Gupta and Basu, 2011; Moustafa, 2004). In the semi-strong efficiency, stock prices are adjusted to the publicly accessible new information (Ma, 2004). However, the technical o r fundamental analyses are not able to consistently produce surplus returns. In the efficiency of strong-form, share prices reveal all information, private and public and no individual or company can earn surplus returns (Chau and Vayanos, 2008). The most influential argument against EMH is that the securities markets have frequently experienced excessive bubbles. When the market bubble exploded, internet associated stocks lost almost 90% of their value. The related mispricing of securities which are mortgage-backed had excessive consequences for the financial institutions as well as for the economy of entire world. Critics have deemed these incidents to be evident cases of the market inefficiency. The continuation of bubbles in the prices of assets is

Those Silly Magazine Advice Essay Example for Free

Those Silly Magazine Advice Essay A man and his girlfriend were married. It was a large gathering. All of their friends and family came to witness the lovely ceremony and partake of the festivities and celebration. A few months later, the wife came to the husband with a proposal that they would read a magazine for couples, for their marriage to be strengthened. The next morning, they decided they would share each other’s listed annoyances. As the wife started reading her list, her husband was crying. When it was the man’s turn, the wife was touched because he don’t have anything in his list. In life, there are enough times when we are disappointed, depressed and annoyed. We don’t really have to go looking for them. We have a wonderful world that is full of beauty, light, and promise. Reference: Kong, Francis J. (2003). The Early Bird Catches the Worm but the Second Mouse Gets the Cheese: Those Silly Magazine Advice. Philippines: Success Options Inc. In a major university a professor of economics gave a tst to his class. The test had several sections of questions, each of which contained three categories. He instructed the students to choose one question from each section. The first category in each section was worth 50 points. The second category was not quite as hard as worth 4 points. The third category, the easiest, was worth only 30 points. When the students had taken the test and turned in the papers, the students who had chosen the hardest questions, or the 50-point questions, were given A’s. The students who had chosen the 40-point questions were given B’s, and those who chose the 30-point questions, or the easiest questions, were given C’s. Whether or not their answers were correct was not considered. The students were confused and asked the professor how he had graded the exam. The professor leaned back and with a smile explained, â€Å"I wasn’t testing your knowledge. I was testing your aim.† Reference: Kong, Francis J. (2003). The Early Bird Catches the Worm but the Second Mouse Gets the Cheese: Testing Your Aim. Philippines: Success Options Inc.

Employee Involvement and Participation in Service Industry

Employee Involvement and Participation in Service Industry INTRODUCTION The paper will discuss employee involvement and participation in the service industry with reference to Canary Wharf GBK. The paper starts with the objective of the research and ends with the conclusion and recommendation of the research. Employee involvement is a very important programme to utilize the tacit knowledge of the employees to increase commitment and performance with a limited cost. This paper will discuss different types and models of employees involvement and their benefit and limitations. The research start with the secondary research through collected theories to write the literature reviews to build the base of the research. In the literature reviews, it has explained views of different writer on employees involvement. The literature reviews includes types of involvement, models of employees involvement and management support for employees involvement Further, this research includes a methodology where the research strategy, approach, data collection and sample of the research are outline. Research methodology is crucial, as it is giving the researcher ways to conduct the primary research. The research is base on a case study and the data collection methods are interviews and a survey. In the third section the researcher, outline the finding of interviews and survey. In this research, there are three interviews and one survey conducted by the researcher. The participants in the interviews are the managers and the respondent in the survey are the employees of the organisation. Finally, in the last section the researcher presented analysis and conclusion of the research. In the analysis, the data collected from the research has been tested with the theories of literature. The research concludes with a brief conclusion where the result of the research has discussed. In the end, the researcher gives recommendation and discusses the scope, limitation, and interesting issue of the research. Research objectives are Critically analyse the importance of employee involvement as outlined in the literature review that includes its importance in recession. Evaluate Gourmet Burger Kitchen employee involvement strategy in the light of the research finding and theoretical literature. Discuss the benefits and limitations of Employee involvement. Benchmark the GBK canary wharf case study with other restaurant. Reason for choosing this topic The purpose of this study is to investigate the methods of effective involvement of the employees in a company where the researcher is working. Employees are the most valuable assets of a company. Employee involvement is important as it can result in empowerment and democracy in the organisation. This may result in increased motivation to take more responsibility (Judge and Gennard (2005). In this current economic situationwhen the confidence of the employees is low, EIP can motivate the employees to deliver good customer services, which can eventually result in improved profitability. The researcher aims to explore the role of employee involvement in the hospitality industry where the employees turn over is highest. The researcher is presently working at GBK and has accessto conduct interviews and surveys. Furthermore, the researcher is interested in opening a business in India that is why the researcher has chosen this topic. PART ONE LITRETURE REVIEW Definition of employee involvement Employees, the strongest pillar of the organization are the most valuable asset that contributes significantly to its success and prosperity. According to Price (2004), the involvement of employees in the organizational operation not only motivates them but also enables them to contribute more effectively and efficiently. Further, he explains employee involvement as a process involving participation, communication, decision making which leads to industrial democracy and employee motivation. Further CIPD (2009) explain employee involvement as a commitment of the employees towards the values of the organisation and willingness to help each other to achieve the organisational goal. The results are not only to increase job satisfaction, or motivation but the increasing performance of that organisation. In short, employee involvement is creating an environment where people have a continuous impact on decisions and actions that affect their jobs. Employee involvement Vs participation Understanding and defining the concept Employee involvement and employee participation are like two sides of a coin. Both are supplementary to each other and existence of one depends on the other. There is not any significant difference between the two terms. Participation is an act of sharing information and the meaning of involvement is the day-to-day activity of the organization. Many writers have contributed towards the development of this thought of employee involvement or participation. For example Delaney (1996) had used the term participation as a voice of the employee in the decision making process and to describe different types of involvement of employee in the organizations affair. But very few writers tried to find the difference between the two concepts. Kale (1999) argues that participation is any organizational arrangement under which employees have some sort of share in some aspect of the business which is not specific types of employee involvement. Furthermore Ang (2002) has contributed towards the development of the difference between the two terms and concluded that, Employee involvement calls for participation which is all about sharing information, training, mutual decision making process whereas traditional participative managementviews participation as a part of other organizational process. Marching ton et al. (1993) have used employee participation in a different context and as an umbrella term covering all forms of employee influence in the organization. Employee involvement is used to describe managerially inspired initiatives aimed at winning employee commitment, as part of the practices of industrial democracy, whose aim is to increase the rights of employees to participate in management decisions. This not only results in enhanced employee morale but also retaining the potential manpower resulting in lower attrition rate. Many writers have contributed differently and each one of them has different approach to the concept and the context. Employee involvement was and is still known and referred to by different writers under such headings as participative management, employee participation, and worker involvement. Employee involvement and empowerment The concept of employee involvement is incomplete without it being associated with employee empowerment. According to Cunningham and Hyman (1999) there cannot be a single or simple definition of empowerment as some writers see empowerment as a recent development after increase employee involvement. Further Apostolouain (2000) explains that empowerment is the next step of employee involvement means where the employees have the power to take decisions. Blanchard et al. (1999) has defined its scope referring it as a means for involving team members as business partners in determining company success or failure. The real essence of which comes from releasing the knowledge, experience, and motivational power that is already in people but is being severely underutilized. In short it can be said that employee involvement leads to empowerment of the employees in different management decision process. Importance of Employee involvement The increasing competition and technological changes in the last 20 years have demanded higher skills and flexibility from the employees for the organisation. Walton (1985) stated that the highly competitive environment needs a different strategic approach to manage the employees. He further stated that in order to achieve that the jobs needs to be broader. The jobs structure should be made with proper planning and implementation to improve the performance unless just to maintain it. This situation leads to formation of teams, which are accountable for the performance. Employee involvement not only maintained the standard of the operation process but gives emphasis on continuous improvement and it is reflecting the requirement of the market place. Further Marchington (2001) argues that the employee involvement come into focus in the early 90s when the employer looking for a participative way to manage the work force. Judge and Gennard (2005) further outline the other important aspect of employee involvement is the increases job security of the employees by offering them priority in training and retraining. The training equipped them with the skill and knowledge that the job demands. Greater employee commitment leads a growing expectancy to better job satisfaction and performance. It is difficult for the organisation in current business scenario to improve the performance without employee commitment towards the organizations mission and objective. Employee involvement allows the employee to input their views and ideas on performance and the quality of the service. This will lead the development where the employees want to be part of successful organisation, which provides them a good income and opportunity to enhance their skills for a secure employment. Grates (2009) stated that the engaged employees significantly contributes to the success of the organisation to achieve the goal and objective. H e further said that employee involvement could give competitive advantage in the market. It can help to reduce turnover and increase the productivity. An industrial services survey conducted in 1999 on 49 organisations experiences on employee involvement over the period of 1991-1999 has reported that more then 33% people believe that it enhanced employee commitment and motivation. The same number of people believes that it is really help to improve the relationship between the employee and the employer. Approximately 60% people said that the quality of the product and the services has improved. More then 50% believe that their job satisfaction had increased and the organisational profit has increased. Importance of employee involvement in recession The world has seen its worst recession since 1930s and most of the world economies are fighting against it. The economic crisis forces the employers to introduce cost-cutting measure and one of them is redundancies. According to an article HR focus (2009) most of companies in the world complete the lay offs of employees. Now the big question is how this organisation can use the most of the remaining employees. The other important question is how the company survive and can increase their performance in this difficult time. One of the measures that the organisation uses to give confidence to their employees is greater emphasis on employee involvement and participation scheme. According to Frauenheim (2009) the importance of employee involvement is more crucial in this difficult environment of economic trouble. As it is revels by many experts that worker commitment is more important then before as the confidence of the employees are badly hit by the lay offs. Haters stated that its the employees help that improving the situation during this economic turmoil as employee involvement can give the sense of value to the employees and can increase the job security. Juile Gebauer managing director of Towers Perrin believe that the company must give more attention to employee involvement to survive and performing good in recession as his organization found there is direct link between performance and involvement. Low employee satisfaction or confidence may results poor customer services and in recession where customers are very reluctant to spend, companies can not afford bad customer service. In this difficult time companies have to be more efficient to attract more customers to surviveand customer service isof the tool to do that. It is found that EIP can increase employee satisfaction which can lead better performance Types of employee involvement Employee involvement practices/ approaches According to Ang (2002) the idea of employee involvement is still developing although there is large amount of research done in the last decade still there is not any developed ways to use employee involvement as a management approach. The management approach depends how the employer wants to involve their employee in different operation. According to Lawler et al (1998) the most important factor of employee involvement approaches is how it can represent comprehensively in the process of problem solving, sharing information, rewards for performance and developing knowledge and ideas. He further says that in order to implement these practices the organization needs a particular employee involvement program. Traditional versus current perspective There is a significant difference between the current and the traditional way of employee involvement and participation. According to Gary and Sisson (1994) the traditional way is mostly indirect participation and limited direct participation. Further indirect participation includes trade union and work council and direct participation was limited to improve the quality of the work to counter turnover and absenteeism. He further explains that current employee participation is more direct as it concern with improve the performance of the organization that can be linked with the objective of the organization like customer satisfaction. The types of jobs in the current environment is changing as more and more company recruiting part time employees and they need to adopt different strategy to involve them in the process. Representative participation According to Apostolou (2000) one of the main ways to achieve representative participation is joint consultation where employees elected representative to discuss with the management on various issues which concern them. These processes give the employees an opportunity to influence the proposal before it is finally made. Further Judge and Generd (2004) explain that, joint consolation involves seeking acceptable solutions to problem through a genuine exchange of views and information .Employee communication is concerned with the interchange of information and ideas within an organization. Direct, indirect and financial participation In 1999 Oosthuizen and du Toit classify the employee involvement and participation practice as direct, indirect and financial. Direct participation is the communication between the management and the employees regarding different function of the organization like decision making process to problem solving. Whereas in indirect participation the employees are involve through their representatives who are elected leaders. Financial participation is the economic participation of the employees in the success or failure of the organization through share ownership, profit sharing scheme. Marchington et al (1992) talk of direct and indirect employee participation practices the direct participation consist of downward communication from management to employees which includes team briefing, workplace wide meeting ,staff newsletters and cascading of information down via the management chain. Downward Communication from Managers to Employees According to Marchington et al (1992) the downward involvement technique is used to inform employees of management plans. The management can use different ways to do that. Regular and continuous distribution of the company reports, journal, company publication and videos are the effective way to inform employees about the development of the company. Team briefing and regular team meeting is another ways for the top management to aware the employees about the organization news and development. Upward involvement Marchington et al (1992) explain the other way of direct communication which are upward problem solving communication practices and that includes suggestion schemes, employee attitude surveys, and employee groups established to solve specific problems or discuss aspect of performance or quality and suggestion scheme. Further Taily et al (2003) outline the importance of employees attitude survey and it can be done through questionnaire to a sample of employees to find out their views about different factors of the work. He further explain that formal processes like suggestion scheme can be put forward to find out employees thinking on different issues like quality improvement to enhance performance. Financial participation Financial participation is one of the best direct and tangible forms of employee involvement. The financial participation allows the employee to be a part of the financial success and failure of the organization. This will encourage the employees to show greater commitment and encourage them to take extra responsibility.Further, it is argued that a financial stake gives employees increased enthusiasm for the success of the organization. In its most developed form employee share ownership means that employees become significant shareholders in the business or even their own employer (Judge and Gennard, 2005). Financial employee involvement scheme can be carried out in three ways and that is profit sharing, profit related pay and share ownership. Profit sharing According to Judge al (2004) profit sharing methods can help to build a motivated and committed workforce. Further Taily et al (2004) explains that these schemes encourage employees to work as a team rather then individual as the rewards for working together is more then working individually. Profit sharing scheme ensure that employees benefit from an organization that makes profits. Profit related pay Taily et al (2003) explains that profit related pay scheme where employer rewards the employees for their contribution to the business. Further he outlines that it works where a group of people get pay to the profit of the business for their work. This kind of scheme generally found in the sales business where there is bonus for achieving the target. This scheme can increase the motivation and commitment of the employees. Share ownership Judge et al (2004) stated that latest way of financial participation of the employees is share ownership where the employees are owner of some part of the company through share. It means that they have shareholders right. Further Apostolou (2000) stated that it produces interest among the employees about the company matters. In UK one of 5 employees have share ownership in their company .This kind of schemes seeks long term commitment from the employees and its take the employee involvement in a new stage where employees are promoting to some part of the ownership of the company. Owing share makes the employees more motivated and committed as the loss or the profit directly have an impact on them. Task based participation Task based participation is mainly to the job and an integral part of day-to-day life. It is all about perform the task in the same level or higher level, which can be managers or supervisor. Team working and self management Teamwork one of the important ways of employee involvement described by Pfeiffers (1998) as it is one of the seven key HRM practise. It allows employees to take extra responsibility for the task, without direct supervision, to have discretion over work method and time, to multi skill and to recruit team members. Managerial control is at it most subversive and effective when employees take on responsibility for peer surveillance (Marchington and Wilkinson (1998 Benefit of Team working Team meeting benefit both the employer and the employees. Through introducing team working the employer can improve productivity, customer service, cost cutting. In addition the employers can spread the ideas and be competitive in the market by improving the performance. Further its increase the employees motivation to extra responsibility and care for the organization. Team working is benefited for the employees as well as the outcome of team working are greater job satisfaction and motivation. Service industry characteristics and customer driven attitude or orientation is suits team working (Wilkinson et al 1998).Cully et al (1999) claim that team working participation is used in two third of the British industries. In order to introduce team working the organization needs skillful management and resources. Employee Involvement Model Psychological contracts First used in 1960s the psychological contract became very popular following the development in the world economy like globalization and economic crisis in 1990s.It is described as mutual obligations without any written contract between the employee and the employer. As it is not a written contract these obligations are informal and imprecise and are made in the requirement process or in the performance appraisal. Some obligation is seen as a promise whereas others are term as an expectation. The important part of that is the belief by the employees to be part of good relationship with the employer (CIPD, 2009). The difference between the legal contract and psychological contract can be easily distinguished. Legal contract is a paper sign contract between the employee and the employer which represent the limited reality of the employment. The nature and importance of that can be found in an employment tribunal. On the other hand Psychological contract is more influential than the formal contract as it is affecting the employee behavior. This contract helps the employee to understand the requirement to represent their side and bargain and what they can expect from the job. The contract is based on mutual trust and understanding and cant be enforceable as it is not a legal one (CIPD2009). Professor David Guest (2002) of Kings College London outlines the importance of psychological contracts and what it can offer to the employee and the employer. The model suggests that the importance of employer to adopt people management as it is directly influence the psychological contract .The contract is based on mutual trust and fairness of the employee and the belief that the employer is respecting the deal between them. Further he explains that positive psychological contract increase employee commitment and satisfaction which results increase performance. Limitation of psychological contract The main problem with Psychological contract arises when it is broken by management by not delivering the promises. This can leads to low job satisfaction, low morale and dispute between the employee and management. The employees are feeling cheated if the promise like rewards, training is not fulfilled or negative feedback from the managers about the work. Another limitation could be emerging when the company merges or restructure and the employees concerns are not listened to, this can raise dissatisfaction among the employees. What Psychological contract is important? The nature of the jobs changed dramatically in the last 20 years and there are more temporary and part time jobs available and the people do not have a permanent future in that company, they need to build a relationship with the management to secure their future. The cost of labor is increasing and most of the organization wants to work more with less employees makes the jobs more hectic stressful. Human resources are becoming more critical to get competitive advantage by their tacit and explicit knowledge. Team work culture is increasing. Finally positive psychological can result in high efficiency. Black box model People, Performance link In order to understand the importance or significance of employee involvement and participation it is really important to understand the people and performance link. A research team lead by Professor John Purcell (2003) at Bath University carried out an investigation on people and performance link called as black box model. In that they have carried out interviews in 18 organizations which lasted over three years. In the interview with the managers the aim is to collect the information regarding their attitudes, level commitment, views about the job, team and reporting relationship. There information had been investigating in depth the relationships between practice and performance to develop understanding of the nature and mechanics of the relationship. After analyzing the data the team develops the people and performance model famously called as black box model. These models found that the people management creates the building blocks of performance and that are ability, motivation and opportunity. As in the figure shows Purcell make four pillars to describe the people performance link. The first pillar is the human resources; the second is the AMO factors which is with the help of the line management in pillar three can result in employee commitment, job satisfaction and motivation which can finally lead to discretionary behavior. Further he explains that ability is the willing to learn new skill and apply and recognized, motivation assume that the use of ability in an effective way and finally opportunity assume the involvement of the employees in different operation like problem solving and the decision making process. These factors like ability, motivation and opportunity are very important as they are directly related to job satisfaction and commitment of the employees. It will encourage the employee to exhibit discretionary behavior which means the way doing the job like in speed, care and innovation. These activities are the heart of the employment relationship as it is very difficult for the employer to monitor all the activities in an organization. This behavior makes the performance of the organization to a next level with greater job satisfaction and better performance. (CIPD, 2009). Role of line managers According to Judge and Gennard (2005) the main reason of the failure of employees involvement is the attitude of the middle and lower management. The middle and lower management fail to support the scheme as they think they will lose power to control employees Further a research done by CIPD the role of line managers are the most important to implement the employee involvement and practice. Line managers are constantly in the communication with the employees. The line managers are the best person in explaining the variation in both job satisfaction and discretionary behavior as it one of the most important factors in order to developing commitment in the organization .The managers can encages employees towards their jobs and make them responsible for their jobs. The line managers can evaluate the performance through performance appraisal and motivates them by introducing more bonuses for better performance (CIPD, 2009). Organization culture According to CIPD (2009) it is found that the practice and performance is highly influenced by the organization environment. The practice performance link depends on the origination goal mission statement which must influence by the values the organizations stands for. And want to achieve in the future. The goal or the mission is very important for employee commitment. The goals or the mission should be spread throughout the organization to embed that in the policies of the organization. These values encourage employees to achieve new height in their jobs. This will motivate them as they are feeling valued and that eventually result in better performance. Comparison between Psychological contract and black box model Black box model is a medium for creating the atmosphere that reinforces psychological contract through the power of line managers. While psychological contract is a state of mind that already exists between the management and the employees. Implementation of employee involvement schemes Different organization operates differently so it is very important to understand that the schemes good for one organization may be not appropriate for the other one. There are few factors that are really important in order to successfully implement the schemes. The factors are good employee relations, the organization culture and the top management support, monitoring and reviewing and resources. Good employee relation Judge and Gennard (2005) explains that good employee relation is the basic need in order to implement employee involvement scheme as it is very important to motivate the employees and the management to take part in the process. The management and the employees must be open in their attitude and behavior. The scheme cant be successful in a case of dispute between them. Employee involvement can gain and develop in the background of trust and motivation among the management and the employees. Commitment by the top management The most importance factor regarding the success of employee involvement is the support of the top management. It is the top management who can encourage employee involvement and participation. According to Lawler et al (1995) it is essential, as employee involvement needs the management support to develop and smooth implementation without any obstacle. It is the management responsibility to introduce EI through suggestion programs and problem solving teams. The management can give more training to the employees to increase their skills and when they believe that the employees are knowledgeable and more skilled they can involve them in different organization function through EIP. This can leads to introduce reward and recognition for better performance to encourage employee involvement. Further Judge et al (2005) explain that the management must be keeping the momentum after the introduction of the scheme. This will develop trust and motivation among the employees and the employees feel the seriousness of the management about the scheme. Any inconstant management behavior in the workforce involvement can put the scheme in trouble as the employees will de motivates and questioning the management commitment about the scheme. According to Apostolou(2000) there are four important actions the management needs to take to run the scheme successfully and those are trust the employees and give them more responsibility, always updating the training programme to train the employees about the recent change in the business and technology the third action is effective communication and regular feedback of the work. This is the most crucial one as its shows the management seriousness about the scheme and that can motivate the workforce. Finally introducing of rewards and recognition for good work really helps to increase the commitment of the employees. Free flow of information is another important aspect of employee involvement. The management must provide information about the company through different sources to their employees .But the management should be careful to provide too much or too little information as it may create confusion among the employees. The role of leader is even more crucial in the time of recession and economic turmoil where the environment is not conducive for employee involvement because of lay offs. According to Day(2009) the roles of leader is more important then before as it is not possible for them to maintain the same employee involvement scheme if the company is not getting profit. The leadership should be aware the workforce the reason behind the lay off and must use the most remaining talent. The leadership must regain the confidence of the employee by regular informing about the company progress and make them understand about the difficult time. By giving more seriousness on employee involvement the management can help the organizat Employee Involvement and Participation in Service Industry Employee Involvement and Participation in Service Industry INTRODUCTION The paper will discuss employee involvement and participation in the service industry with reference to Canary Wharf GBK. The paper starts with the objective of the research and ends with the conclusion and recommendation of the research. Employee involvement is a very important programme to utilize the tacit knowledge of the employees to increase commitment and performance with a limited cost. This paper will discuss different types and models of employees involvement and their benefit and limitations. The research start with the secondary research through collected theories to write the literature reviews to build the base of the research. In the literature reviews, it has explained views of different writer on employees involvement. The literature reviews includes types of involvement, models of employees involvement and management support for employees involvement Further, this research includes a methodology where the research strategy, approach, data collection and sample of the research are outline. Research methodology is crucial, as it is giving the researcher ways to conduct the primary research. The research is base on a case study and the data collection methods are interviews and a survey. In the third section the researcher, outline the finding of interviews and survey. In this research, there are three interviews and one survey conducted by the researcher. The participants in the interviews are the managers and the respondent in the survey are the employees of the organisation. Finally, in the last section the researcher presented analysis and conclusion of the research. In the analysis, the data collected from the research has been tested with the theories of literature. The research concludes with a brief conclusion where the result of the research has discussed. In the end, the researcher gives recommendation and discusses the scope, limitation, and interesting issue of the research. Research objectives are Critically analyse the importance of employee involvement as outlined in the literature review that includes its importance in recession. Evaluate Gourmet Burger Kitchen employee involvement strategy in the light of the research finding and theoretical literature. Discuss the benefits and limitations of Employee involvement. Benchmark the GBK canary wharf case study with other restaurant. Reason for choosing this topic The purpose of this study is to investigate the methods of effective involvement of the employees in a company where the researcher is working. Employees are the most valuable assets of a company. Employee involvement is important as it can result in empowerment and democracy in the organisation. This may result in increased motivation to take more responsibility (Judge and Gennard (2005). In this current economic situationwhen the confidence of the employees is low, EIP can motivate the employees to deliver good customer services, which can eventually result in improved profitability. The researcher aims to explore the role of employee involvement in the hospitality industry where the employees turn over is highest. The researcher is presently working at GBK and has accessto conduct interviews and surveys. Furthermore, the researcher is interested in opening a business in India that is why the researcher has chosen this topic. PART ONE LITRETURE REVIEW Definition of employee involvement Employees, the strongest pillar of the organization are the most valuable asset that contributes significantly to its success and prosperity. According to Price (2004), the involvement of employees in the organizational operation not only motivates them but also enables them to contribute more effectively and efficiently. Further, he explains employee involvement as a process involving participation, communication, decision making which leads to industrial democracy and employee motivation. Further CIPD (2009) explain employee involvement as a commitment of the employees towards the values of the organisation and willingness to help each other to achieve the organisational goal. The results are not only to increase job satisfaction, or motivation but the increasing performance of that organisation. In short, employee involvement is creating an environment where people have a continuous impact on decisions and actions that affect their jobs. Employee involvement Vs participation Understanding and defining the concept Employee involvement and employee participation are like two sides of a coin. Both are supplementary to each other and existence of one depends on the other. There is not any significant difference between the two terms. Participation is an act of sharing information and the meaning of involvement is the day-to-day activity of the organization. Many writers have contributed towards the development of this thought of employee involvement or participation. For example Delaney (1996) had used the term participation as a voice of the employee in the decision making process and to describe different types of involvement of employee in the organizations affair. But very few writers tried to find the difference between the two concepts. Kale (1999) argues that participation is any organizational arrangement under which employees have some sort of share in some aspect of the business which is not specific types of employee involvement. Furthermore Ang (2002) has contributed towards the development of the difference between the two terms and concluded that, Employee involvement calls for participation which is all about sharing information, training, mutual decision making process whereas traditional participative managementviews participation as a part of other organizational process. Marching ton et al. (1993) have used employee participation in a different context and as an umbrella term covering all forms of employee influence in the organization. Employee involvement is used to describe managerially inspired initiatives aimed at winning employee commitment, as part of the practices of industrial democracy, whose aim is to increase the rights of employees to participate in management decisions. This not only results in enhanced employee morale but also retaining the potential manpower resulting in lower attrition rate. Many writers have contributed differently and each one of them has different approach to the concept and the context. Employee involvement was and is still known and referred to by different writers under such headings as participative management, employee participation, and worker involvement. Employee involvement and empowerment The concept of employee involvement is incomplete without it being associated with employee empowerment. According to Cunningham and Hyman (1999) there cannot be a single or simple definition of empowerment as some writers see empowerment as a recent development after increase employee involvement. Further Apostolouain (2000) explains that empowerment is the next step of employee involvement means where the employees have the power to take decisions. Blanchard et al. (1999) has defined its scope referring it as a means for involving team members as business partners in determining company success or failure. The real essence of which comes from releasing the knowledge, experience, and motivational power that is already in people but is being severely underutilized. In short it can be said that employee involvement leads to empowerment of the employees in different management decision process. Importance of Employee involvement The increasing competition and technological changes in the last 20 years have demanded higher skills and flexibility from the employees for the organisation. Walton (1985) stated that the highly competitive environment needs a different strategic approach to manage the employees. He further stated that in order to achieve that the jobs needs to be broader. The jobs structure should be made with proper planning and implementation to improve the performance unless just to maintain it. This situation leads to formation of teams, which are accountable for the performance. Employee involvement not only maintained the standard of the operation process but gives emphasis on continuous improvement and it is reflecting the requirement of the market place. Further Marchington (2001) argues that the employee involvement come into focus in the early 90s when the employer looking for a participative way to manage the work force. Judge and Gennard (2005) further outline the other important aspect of employee involvement is the increases job security of the employees by offering them priority in training and retraining. The training equipped them with the skill and knowledge that the job demands. Greater employee commitment leads a growing expectancy to better job satisfaction and performance. It is difficult for the organisation in current business scenario to improve the performance without employee commitment towards the organizations mission and objective. Employee involvement allows the employee to input their views and ideas on performance and the quality of the service. This will lead the development where the employees want to be part of successful organisation, which provides them a good income and opportunity to enhance their skills for a secure employment. Grates (2009) stated that the engaged employees significantly contributes to the success of the organisation to achieve the goal and objective. H e further said that employee involvement could give competitive advantage in the market. It can help to reduce turnover and increase the productivity. An industrial services survey conducted in 1999 on 49 organisations experiences on employee involvement over the period of 1991-1999 has reported that more then 33% people believe that it enhanced employee commitment and motivation. The same number of people believes that it is really help to improve the relationship between the employee and the employer. Approximately 60% people said that the quality of the product and the services has improved. More then 50% believe that their job satisfaction had increased and the organisational profit has increased. Importance of employee involvement in recession The world has seen its worst recession since 1930s and most of the world economies are fighting against it. The economic crisis forces the employers to introduce cost-cutting measure and one of them is redundancies. According to an article HR focus (2009) most of companies in the world complete the lay offs of employees. Now the big question is how this organisation can use the most of the remaining employees. The other important question is how the company survive and can increase their performance in this difficult time. One of the measures that the organisation uses to give confidence to their employees is greater emphasis on employee involvement and participation scheme. According to Frauenheim (2009) the importance of employee involvement is more crucial in this difficult environment of economic trouble. As it is revels by many experts that worker commitment is more important then before as the confidence of the employees are badly hit by the lay offs. Haters stated that its the employees help that improving the situation during this economic turmoil as employee involvement can give the sense of value to the employees and can increase the job security. Juile Gebauer managing director of Towers Perrin believe that the company must give more attention to employee involvement to survive and performing good in recession as his organization found there is direct link between performance and involvement. Low employee satisfaction or confidence may results poor customer services and in recession where customers are very reluctant to spend, companies can not afford bad customer service. In this difficult time companies have to be more efficient to attract more customers to surviveand customer service isof the tool to do that. It is found that EIP can increase employee satisfaction which can lead better performance Types of employee involvement Employee involvement practices/ approaches According to Ang (2002) the idea of employee involvement is still developing although there is large amount of research done in the last decade still there is not any developed ways to use employee involvement as a management approach. The management approach depends how the employer wants to involve their employee in different operation. According to Lawler et al (1998) the most important factor of employee involvement approaches is how it can represent comprehensively in the process of problem solving, sharing information, rewards for performance and developing knowledge and ideas. He further says that in order to implement these practices the organization needs a particular employee involvement program. Traditional versus current perspective There is a significant difference between the current and the traditional way of employee involvement and participation. According to Gary and Sisson (1994) the traditional way is mostly indirect participation and limited direct participation. Further indirect participation includes trade union and work council and direct participation was limited to improve the quality of the work to counter turnover and absenteeism. He further explains that current employee participation is more direct as it concern with improve the performance of the organization that can be linked with the objective of the organization like customer satisfaction. The types of jobs in the current environment is changing as more and more company recruiting part time employees and they need to adopt different strategy to involve them in the process. Representative participation According to Apostolou (2000) one of the main ways to achieve representative participation is joint consultation where employees elected representative to discuss with the management on various issues which concern them. These processes give the employees an opportunity to influence the proposal before it is finally made. Further Judge and Generd (2004) explain that, joint consolation involves seeking acceptable solutions to problem through a genuine exchange of views and information .Employee communication is concerned with the interchange of information and ideas within an organization. Direct, indirect and financial participation In 1999 Oosthuizen and du Toit classify the employee involvement and participation practice as direct, indirect and financial. Direct participation is the communication between the management and the employees regarding different function of the organization like decision making process to problem solving. Whereas in indirect participation the employees are involve through their representatives who are elected leaders. Financial participation is the economic participation of the employees in the success or failure of the organization through share ownership, profit sharing scheme. Marchington et al (1992) talk of direct and indirect employee participation practices the direct participation consist of downward communication from management to employees which includes team briefing, workplace wide meeting ,staff newsletters and cascading of information down via the management chain. Downward Communication from Managers to Employees According to Marchington et al (1992) the downward involvement technique is used to inform employees of management plans. The management can use different ways to do that. Regular and continuous distribution of the company reports, journal, company publication and videos are the effective way to inform employees about the development of the company. Team briefing and regular team meeting is another ways for the top management to aware the employees about the organization news and development. Upward involvement Marchington et al (1992) explain the other way of direct communication which are upward problem solving communication practices and that includes suggestion schemes, employee attitude surveys, and employee groups established to solve specific problems or discuss aspect of performance or quality and suggestion scheme. Further Taily et al (2003) outline the importance of employees attitude survey and it can be done through questionnaire to a sample of employees to find out their views about different factors of the work. He further explain that formal processes like suggestion scheme can be put forward to find out employees thinking on different issues like quality improvement to enhance performance. Financial participation Financial participation is one of the best direct and tangible forms of employee involvement. The financial participation allows the employee to be a part of the financial success and failure of the organization. This will encourage the employees to show greater commitment and encourage them to take extra responsibility.Further, it is argued that a financial stake gives employees increased enthusiasm for the success of the organization. In its most developed form employee share ownership means that employees become significant shareholders in the business or even their own employer (Judge and Gennard, 2005). Financial employee involvement scheme can be carried out in three ways and that is profit sharing, profit related pay and share ownership. Profit sharing According to Judge al (2004) profit sharing methods can help to build a motivated and committed workforce. Further Taily et al (2004) explains that these schemes encourage employees to work as a team rather then individual as the rewards for working together is more then working individually. Profit sharing scheme ensure that employees benefit from an organization that makes profits. Profit related pay Taily et al (2003) explains that profit related pay scheme where employer rewards the employees for their contribution to the business. Further he outlines that it works where a group of people get pay to the profit of the business for their work. This kind of scheme generally found in the sales business where there is bonus for achieving the target. This scheme can increase the motivation and commitment of the employees. Share ownership Judge et al (2004) stated that latest way of financial participation of the employees is share ownership where the employees are owner of some part of the company through share. It means that they have shareholders right. Further Apostolou (2000) stated that it produces interest among the employees about the company matters. In UK one of 5 employees have share ownership in their company .This kind of schemes seeks long term commitment from the employees and its take the employee involvement in a new stage where employees are promoting to some part of the ownership of the company. Owing share makes the employees more motivated and committed as the loss or the profit directly have an impact on them. Task based participation Task based participation is mainly to the job and an integral part of day-to-day life. It is all about perform the task in the same level or higher level, which can be managers or supervisor. Team working and self management Teamwork one of the important ways of employee involvement described by Pfeiffers (1998) as it is one of the seven key HRM practise. It allows employees to take extra responsibility for the task, without direct supervision, to have discretion over work method and time, to multi skill and to recruit team members. Managerial control is at it most subversive and effective when employees take on responsibility for peer surveillance (Marchington and Wilkinson (1998 Benefit of Team working Team meeting benefit both the employer and the employees. Through introducing team working the employer can improve productivity, customer service, cost cutting. In addition the employers can spread the ideas and be competitive in the market by improving the performance. Further its increase the employees motivation to extra responsibility and care for the organization. Team working is benefited for the employees as well as the outcome of team working are greater job satisfaction and motivation. Service industry characteristics and customer driven attitude or orientation is suits team working (Wilkinson et al 1998).Cully et al (1999) claim that team working participation is used in two third of the British industries. In order to introduce team working the organization needs skillful management and resources. Employee Involvement Model Psychological contracts First used in 1960s the psychological contract became very popular following the development in the world economy like globalization and economic crisis in 1990s.It is described as mutual obligations without any written contract between the employee and the employer. As it is not a written contract these obligations are informal and imprecise and are made in the requirement process or in the performance appraisal. Some obligation is seen as a promise whereas others are term as an expectation. The important part of that is the belief by the employees to be part of good relationship with the employer (CIPD, 2009). The difference between the legal contract and psychological contract can be easily distinguished. Legal contract is a paper sign contract between the employee and the employer which represent the limited reality of the employment. The nature and importance of that can be found in an employment tribunal. On the other hand Psychological contract is more influential than the formal contract as it is affecting the employee behavior. This contract helps the employee to understand the requirement to represent their side and bargain and what they can expect from the job. The contract is based on mutual trust and understanding and cant be enforceable as it is not a legal one (CIPD2009). Professor David Guest (2002) of Kings College London outlines the importance of psychological contracts and what it can offer to the employee and the employer. The model suggests that the importance of employer to adopt people management as it is directly influence the psychological contract .The contract is based on mutual trust and fairness of the employee and the belief that the employer is respecting the deal between them. Further he explains that positive psychological contract increase employee commitment and satisfaction which results increase performance. Limitation of psychological contract The main problem with Psychological contract arises when it is broken by management by not delivering the promises. This can leads to low job satisfaction, low morale and dispute between the employee and management. The employees are feeling cheated if the promise like rewards, training is not fulfilled or negative feedback from the managers about the work. Another limitation could be emerging when the company merges or restructure and the employees concerns are not listened to, this can raise dissatisfaction among the employees. What Psychological contract is important? The nature of the jobs changed dramatically in the last 20 years and there are more temporary and part time jobs available and the people do not have a permanent future in that company, they need to build a relationship with the management to secure their future. The cost of labor is increasing and most of the organization wants to work more with less employees makes the jobs more hectic stressful. Human resources are becoming more critical to get competitive advantage by their tacit and explicit knowledge. Team work culture is increasing. Finally positive psychological can result in high efficiency. Black box model People, Performance link In order to understand the importance or significance of employee involvement and participation it is really important to understand the people and performance link. A research team lead by Professor John Purcell (2003) at Bath University carried out an investigation on people and performance link called as black box model. In that they have carried out interviews in 18 organizations which lasted over three years. In the interview with the managers the aim is to collect the information regarding their attitudes, level commitment, views about the job, team and reporting relationship. There information had been investigating in depth the relationships between practice and performance to develop understanding of the nature and mechanics of the relationship. After analyzing the data the team develops the people and performance model famously called as black box model. These models found that the people management creates the building blocks of performance and that are ability, motivation and opportunity. As in the figure shows Purcell make four pillars to describe the people performance link. The first pillar is the human resources; the second is the AMO factors which is with the help of the line management in pillar three can result in employee commitment, job satisfaction and motivation which can finally lead to discretionary behavior. Further he explains that ability is the willing to learn new skill and apply and recognized, motivation assume that the use of ability in an effective way and finally opportunity assume the involvement of the employees in different operation like problem solving and the decision making process. These factors like ability, motivation and opportunity are very important as they are directly related to job satisfaction and commitment of the employees. It will encourage the employee to exhibit discretionary behavior which means the way doing the job like in speed, care and innovation. These activities are the heart of the employment relationship as it is very difficult for the employer to monitor all the activities in an organization. This behavior makes the performance of the organization to a next level with greater job satisfaction and better performance. (CIPD, 2009). Role of line managers According to Judge and Gennard (2005) the main reason of the failure of employees involvement is the attitude of the middle and lower management. The middle and lower management fail to support the scheme as they think they will lose power to control employees Further a research done by CIPD the role of line managers are the most important to implement the employee involvement and practice. Line managers are constantly in the communication with the employees. The line managers are the best person in explaining the variation in both job satisfaction and discretionary behavior as it one of the most important factors in order to developing commitment in the organization .The managers can encages employees towards their jobs and make them responsible for their jobs. The line managers can evaluate the performance through performance appraisal and motivates them by introducing more bonuses for better performance (CIPD, 2009). Organization culture According to CIPD (2009) it is found that the practice and performance is highly influenced by the organization environment. The practice performance link depends on the origination goal mission statement which must influence by the values the organizations stands for. And want to achieve in the future. The goal or the mission is very important for employee commitment. The goals or the mission should be spread throughout the organization to embed that in the policies of the organization. These values encourage employees to achieve new height in their jobs. This will motivate them as they are feeling valued and that eventually result in better performance. Comparison between Psychological contract and black box model Black box model is a medium for creating the atmosphere that reinforces psychological contract through the power of line managers. While psychological contract is a state of mind that already exists between the management and the employees. Implementation of employee involvement schemes Different organization operates differently so it is very important to understand that the schemes good for one organization may be not appropriate for the other one. There are few factors that are really important in order to successfully implement the schemes. The factors are good employee relations, the organization culture and the top management support, monitoring and reviewing and resources. Good employee relation Judge and Gennard (2005) explains that good employee relation is the basic need in order to implement employee involvement scheme as it is very important to motivate the employees and the management to take part in the process. The management and the employees must be open in their attitude and behavior. The scheme cant be successful in a case of dispute between them. Employee involvement can gain and develop in the background of trust and motivation among the management and the employees. Commitment by the top management The most importance factor regarding the success of employee involvement is the support of the top management. It is the top management who can encourage employee involvement and participation. According to Lawler et al (1995) it is essential, as employee involvement needs the management support to develop and smooth implementation without any obstacle. It is the management responsibility to introduce EI through suggestion programs and problem solving teams. The management can give more training to the employees to increase their skills and when they believe that the employees are knowledgeable and more skilled they can involve them in different organization function through EIP. This can leads to introduce reward and recognition for better performance to encourage employee involvement. Further Judge et al (2005) explain that the management must be keeping the momentum after the introduction of the scheme. This will develop trust and motivation among the employees and the employees feel the seriousness of the management about the scheme. Any inconstant management behavior in the workforce involvement can put the scheme in trouble as the employees will de motivates and questioning the management commitment about the scheme. According to Apostolou(2000) there are four important actions the management needs to take to run the scheme successfully and those are trust the employees and give them more responsibility, always updating the training programme to train the employees about the recent change in the business and technology the third action is effective communication and regular feedback of the work. This is the most crucial one as its shows the management seriousness about the scheme and that can motivate the workforce. Finally introducing of rewards and recognition for good work really helps to increase the commitment of the employees. Free flow of information is another important aspect of employee involvement. The management must provide information about the company through different sources to their employees .But the management should be careful to provide too much or too little information as it may create confusion among the employees. The role of leader is even more crucial in the time of recession and economic turmoil where the environment is not conducive for employee involvement because of lay offs. According to Day(2009) the roles of leader is more important then before as it is not possible for them to maintain the same employee involvement scheme if the company is not getting profit. The leadership should be aware the workforce the reason behind the lay off and must use the most remaining talent. The leadership must regain the confidence of the employee by regular informing about the company progress and make them understand about the difficult time. By giving more seriousness on employee involvement the management can help the organizat